We Finally Finished the Projects and We Got Our Tests Back & Took Some Notes

So my post title sounds like a Fall Out Boy song but anyways today in class the last group presented and they did Architecture, and here are the notes I took:

Architecture in Ancient Greece

• stretched from 900 BC to the 1st century BC and farther 
• post and lintel system 
• friezes 
• pillars 
• doric: heavy and very plain 
• ionic: most thin with small columns and a scroll on the top 
• corinthian: most ornate, slim columns (fancy) 
• stoa 
• covered walkway with pillars on the side designed for public use 
• temples 
• made in honor of the gods 
• wood and brick 
• Naos was a new version of the temples 
• Athens spent a lot of money that came from many different places on architecture 
• Parthenon 
• doric with ionic features 
• marble columns 
• used as Masq and church 
• set up to glorify Athens 
• huge intricate statue of Athena inside 
• Theater 
• scene (backstage) 
• seating (theatron) 
• orchestra (stage) 
• Houses 
• stone, clay, marble, sundried brick
• roofs: overlaid clay tiles 
• floor: mud 
• often had courtyards 
• Then vs now
• auditorium- like a theater 
• white house and other buildings- like temples and Parthenon 
• pillars from Athens are used in the design of pillars today 

Then this is our homework, we had to take notes on page 142-145 and here it is okok: 

Alexander's Empire 

• Philip Builds Macedonian Power 
• King Philip II ruled the kingdom of Macedonia starting in 359 BC 
• Macedonia had a rough environment and a hardy population, and had no people like sculptors or writers, but they did have their shrewd and fearless kings 
• at 23 Philip changed the people into an army, used the technique of a phalanx and cavalry 
• this caused him to prepare his invasion of Greece
• Demosthenes the Athenian orator urged the people to prepare for the attack of Macedonia, but the army couldn't agree on a single policy 
• then Athens and Thebes joined together to fight Philip, but it was too late because they were defeated by Macedonia in the battle of Chaeronea 
• this ended Greek independence 
• Philip planned to invade Persia next but never had the chance because he was stabbed by a former guardsman at his daughters wedding 
• Philips son Alexander took his place and became known as Alexander the Great
• Alexander Defeats Persia 
• was only 20 years old as king but well prepared and learned many things under Aristotle's teaching, also loved Homer and his works 
• did very well in military training 
• destroyed the city when the people of Thebes rebelled, and this caused other city states to give up any ideas of rebellion 
• Invasion of Persia 
• Alexander had a plan to invade and conquer Persia with Greece being secure
• in 334 BC led 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia, the two met at Granicus River
• Persian's army of 40,000 men was attacked by Alexander's cavalry 
• this victory alarmed Persian king Darius III 
• he vowed to crush the invaders with his army of around 75,000 men, and so Alexander ordered his finest troops to break through a weak point in Persian lines, then charged straight at Darius 
• they fled, and Alexander won Anatolia 
• Conquering the Persian Empire 
• Darius tried to make peace with Alexander 
• the rapid collapse of Persian resistance fired Alexander's ambition and rejected the offer, continuing on with his plan of conquering the entire Persian empire 
• was crowned pharaoh of egypt in 332 BC and he founded the city of Alexandria 
• Alexander left egypt, and engaged in battle with a weak Persian army, they met in Gaugamela and Alexander's massive phalanx attack caused Darius to retreat, and Alexander finally ended Presia's power 
• soon Alexander's army captured more areas,  and soon later the Persepolis was burned to the ground, and no one knows why 
• Alexander's Other Conquests 
• he now reigned as ruler of southwest Asia 
• left ruined Persepolis to pursue Darius and conquer Persia's remote Asian provinces 
• he found DArius dead to the south of the Caspian Sea 
• his army fought across central asia for the next 3 years 
• Alexander in India 
• in 326 he and his army reached Indus Valley 
• a powerful indian army blocked their path at the Hydaspes River 
• Alexander won, but they were starting to grow weak, after fighting for 11 years and marching more than 11,000 miles, so they headed back 
• by the spring of 323 BC, they reached Babylon 
• he announced plans to organize and unify his empire 
• was never able to carry these out as he became seriously ill with a fever and died at 32 years old 
• Alexander's Legacy 
• after his death, Macedonian generals fought for control of his empire 
• three leaders finally won: 
• Antigonus- became king of Macedonia and took control of Greek city-states 
• Ptolemy- seized Egypt, became pharoah, and established a dynasty 
• Seleucus- took most of old Persian Empire that became known as the Seleucid kingdom 
• these rulers and descendants ruled with complete power 
• Alexander adopted things like Persian dress and costumes and married a Persian woman
• Greek settlers then also adopted new ways

Finished Projects..Almost

Today in Western Civ we almost finished the projects. Robby and Emily's groups went today and they did the Delian League and Pericles, these are the notes I took:

The Delian League

• organization made of many greek city states 
• most prominent was Athens 
• founded in 478 BCE 
• moved to Athens 
• had over 150 members or city states 
• Athens used power of the league to build up their navy, beautify Athens and build it up in general 
• Sparta 
• reluctant to join the league 
• caused war between Sparta and Athens 
• they would have made the league stronger 
• pericles hubris caused him to lose the war
• also he died of plague
• comparisons to today 
• the city states resemble the united nations
• UN bring many countries together like in the delian league 
• some groups resemble the delian league like the NATO 
• shows how strong the combination of world powers can be 

Pericles 

• wise statesman 
• led Athens during Golden Age 
• Had popular support for 32 years
• dominated Athens from 461 BC to 429 BC which was the age of pericles 
• goals 
• strengthen Athens democracy 
• hold and strengthen the empire 
• glorify Athens 
• some reforms 
• increased number of public officials that got paid 
• glorifying Athens 
• gold, marble, ivory for structures 
• the Parthenon 
• built to honor goddess Athena 
• all his idea 
• death 
• lost sons from plague and then died soon after 
• Plato was born a year later but it was too late, Athens had already fell from their Golden Age 
• Aspasia 
• Pericles' wife 
• important and educated which was unusual for women in Athens 
• Pericles was criticized for being with her 
• couldn't marry her 
• relied on her and her decisions a lot 

Presenting Projects pt 1

Today in Western Civ we talked for five minutes and then we started to present our projects. Cat and Audrey's group went first and they did Theater in Ancient Greece, here are the notes I got from that:

Theater in Ancient Greece

• first performances were in the theater of Dionysus, built near the acropolis in Athens 
• types of performances: 
• comedy 
• mocking
• politics
• Aristophanes 
• tragedy 
• serious drama 
• tragic hero 
• hubris (this is excessive pride which often led to a characters demise) 
• Sophocles 
• Oedipus Rex is an example of a tragedy 
• three genres all together: comedy, tragedy, and satyr plays 
• clothing and props 
• masks
• costumes that showed stuff about the character 
• props 
• Greek Theaters 
• lots in many city states, and you can still visit them today even though they are in ruins 
• then and now 
• many plays today are modeled after plays then
• genres we have now came from them 
• heavy makeup and costumes are used in both 

Then my group presented, which was nice because we got to get it over with, and we were a little bit of a mess because we were missing one person, but we did good I think still. And Mr. Schick said I actually projected my voice for once which was nice because I'm usually told I'm too quiet so. 

Anyways, then Claire's group that did Greek Government went, and we didn't take many notes because we had already pretty much covered that. But I did write a few things down: 

Ancient Greek Government 

• monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, oligarchy, tyrant 
• Pericles' mom was the niece of Cleisthenes 
• arete to them meant to do everything to the best of their ability 

And that is all. 

Guacamole Party

Today in Western Civ, we argued whether or not to add another powerpoint onto our powerpoint and spent 15 minutes trying to get a picture centered. Then we were done, so we started our guacamole party. Lauren brought in tortilla chips and guacamole. We ate all the tortilla chips and Angela and Holly chased each other because one had the chips and one had the guac. Then we ran out of tortilla chips so Holly went and got Doritos and we ate them with the guacamole. (It's actually very good)  Then they fought over a fruit roll up and we talked about tacos and blueberry pancakes plus Mr. Schick said barbecued Doritos and strawberry yogurt or something was really good. We also asked if we could go make popcorn but he said no so that was a sad time.

Then we spent the rest of the class editing the powerpoint and making everything good to present.

Finally Took My Test and There's Also a Project

Today in Western Civ I studied more and crammed a bunch of stuff from chapter 2 in while Mr. Schick went and got my test, and then I was separated from society and went out in the hallway to take my test. I actually don't think I did that bad tbh. It was 40 questions and since I studied it wasn't too horrible, it was probably one of the easier tests we have had this year. I was confused on the maps part a little, and just now I checked some answers I thought I got wrong and I think I actually got them right, but then some others I know I definitely got wrong. Oh well I tried my hardest. And while I was taking my test we formed groups and me and Lauren, Angela, Maureen, and Holly are in a group and we are doing a presentation on Greek art, so that should be interesting.

Also Misha suggested I put this picture in here so here it is:



And then I asked her for other pictures and here we are:

Almost-test and Pericles

Today in Western Civ, the class took a class, but Mr. Schick was nice and gave me an extra day to study so I'll be taking the test tomorrow. While they took the test I studied a little and once everyone was done I got on my laptop and now I'm going to give you the page 134-136 notes:

Pericles Plan for Athens

• Pericles led Athens during much of it's golden age
• honest and fair and had support for 34 years; skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general 
• so dominated his reign of Athens that the time from 461-429 BC became known as the Age of Pericles 
• had three goals: 
• strengthen Athenian democracy
• increased number of public officials who were paid salaries 
• got all citizens rich and poor and in-between to engage in the government, making Athens one of the most democratic governments in history 
• introduced direct democracy: form of government where citizens rule directly and not through representatives 
• to hold and strengthen the empire 
• helped organize the Delian league 
• Athens in time took over it 
• made the Athenian Navy the strongest in the Mediterranean 
• helped Athens strengthen the safety of its empire 
• navy used surrounding waterways for battle and citizens used them for trade overseas 
• Athenian military might've made Pericles to treat other members of the Delian league as part of the empire 
• some cities resisted Athens though and formed their own alliances 
• to glorify Athens 
• used money from Delian League to beautify Athens 
• without the league's approval he persuaded the Athenian assembly to vote huge sums of the leagues money to buy gold, ivory, and marble, but money also went to the workers who used these materials 

Glorious Art and Architecture 

• Pericles wanted Artists to build sculptures and buildings to glorify Athens 
• at the center of his plan was the Parthenon 
• was a masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship but not a unique style because the same style was used to build temples for many years before 
• was built to honor Athena 
• contained examples of Greek art that set an example for artists all over the world 
• entrusted most of the work to the sculptor Phidias who crafted a giant gold and ivory statue of Athena inside the Parthenon that was over 30 feet tall 
• Phidias and other aimed to create perfectly formed figures that only showed serenity 
• wanted to portray ideal beauty not realism 
• considered classical art 

Drama and History 

• Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the West 
• theatrical productions were both an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods 
• wrote two types of drama 
• tragedy: serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
• Aeschylus and Sophocles were two people who wrote these kinds of plays 
• comedy: contained slapstick situations and crude humor 
• made fun of politics and respected rules and rules 
• Aristophanes wrote the first kind of comedy 
• no written records from the Dorian period  besides epics of Homer 
• Herodotus' book on Persian Wars is considered the first work of history 
• greatest historian was the Athenian Thucydides

I Left Early

Today I had really bad neck, back, head, and stomach pains so I went to the nurse which sadly caused me to miss the whole class and the review for the test. I'm still planning on studying and hopefully getting a good grade though. And I don't really know what else to write besides aye I left early, so I'm just gonna stop rambling now.

Cyber Day #2 Work

Here is my summary of the Persian Wars.

The Persian Wars started in about 490 BC and went to about 479 BC. It was between the Persian Empire and Greece, and looking at it from the start, with The Persian's great army, huge empire, and practically unlimited resources, it seems like they are to win. There were also practically two stages to the war-

1st Stage

• the Persian armies in 550-486 BC were led by King Darius I
• the Persians fought the Athenians and their Greek allies, and lost to them 
• there was a famous land battle of Marathon in 490 BC where the Persians were again defeated by the Athenians and the Plataeans 
• news of the victory was delivered by a messenger who ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens and later died (origin of the modern Olympic event the Marathon) 

2nd Stage 

• Under the command of king Xerxes I in 519-465 BC, the Persians arrived on the Greek shore with over 2,000,000 men between their army and navy
• The Greeks, with only 5,000 men under command of Spartan King Leonidas, held off the Persian forces at the narrow pass between the cliffs and sea at the 'Pass of Thermopylae' 
• Persian soldiers found a secret way around the pass, and defeated them
• in the naval battle at Salamis in 480 BC, ruled by Athenian general Themistocles, the Athenian navy defeated the Persian navy
• in the land battle at Plataea in 479 BC, the Greeks again defeated the Persians who were then driven from Greece
• this was the final victory in the war, which could be said to have saved all of Greece from Persian domination

Ending Stage 

• Greek city states had a new confidence and freedom 
• Athens gained the most from Persian defeat 
• caused them to become stronger as a whole and individually (government, army) 
• this war led them into their "Golden Age" even if it was brief

That was pretty much the whole war. But, here are some differences from the Persian army and the Greeks/Athenians' army: 

Persians 

• expensive weaponry
• strategy: 1. attack from a distance 2. disrupt communication 3. lightly armored infantry 
• huge numbers 
• long way from home 
• mercenaries, professional army

Greeks 

• iron weaponry
• normal citizens not all professional played a part 
• hoplites trained from an early age 
• spears, shields, swords 
• strategy: phalanx formation, used sea to their benefit
• fought on home grounds so they were familiar with the area 
• motivated to preserve democracy 

We Had A Sub Today

Today in Western Civ Mr. Schick was out sick, @ Mr. Schick feel better :). But anyways here is the work we did today:

3. An aristocracy differs from an oligarchy because an aristocracy is a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families. An oligarchy is a government ruled by a few powerful people.

4. The contributions Solon and Cleisthenes made to the development of Athenian democracy were:

• Solon
• outlawed debt slavery 
• organized Athenians into 4 social classes according to wealth 
• let all citizens rich or poor participate in the assembly 
• introduced the legal concept that any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers 
• Cleisthenes 
• broke up the power of nobility by organizing citizens into 10 groups based on where they lived rather than wealth 
• increased the power of the assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage 
• created the Council of 500 that proposed laws and counseled the assembly 

6. Living in Athens was different from living in Sparta because they both had different forms of government and what a citizen was considered to be. Some examples: 

• Athens 
• was a democracy 
• citizens participated in political decision making 
• Council of 500
• only sons of wealthy families received education and prepared them to be good citizens 
• boys went to military school to prepare for defending Athens
• girls did not attend school, they stayed at home to be educated by their mothers and learned about housework and other things, some learned to read and write
• most women had little to do with Athens outside the home 
• Sparta 
• was a military state 
• government had several branches and two kings and 5 elected officials 
• Council of Elders 
• powerful army/military 
• boys AND girls received military training and were taught the same things at the same place, women had a lot of freedom which was weird to places like Athens (you GO Sparta) 

Socrates Again + Some Questions

In Western Civ today we took notes on the rest of the chapter. This is what I wrote down:

Socrates

• looked to science and logic for explanations of how the world worked 
• Athens was the intellectual place of the world back then
• Socratic method fostered critical thinking 
• "the unexamined life is not worth living" 
• was charged with impiety and corrupting Athens youth
• sentenced to death by hemlock, but before he died admitted to his crimes and said he should have free dinners for life 

Plato 

• student and follower of Socrates 
• Apology meant explanation 
• Plato wrote a book called Apology 
• Republic was his other book that was about Socrates discussion of justice and ideal state, one of the most influential books on philosophy ever written 

Aristotle 

• student of Plato 
• helped foster the idea of Athens as an intellectual destination 
• his school the Lyceum, focused on cooperative research and building a knowledge gathered from all over the world 
• did not invent the internet but liked the idea of all mankinds knowledge being easily accessed in one location 
• wrote extensively on 
• logic, physics, biology 
• ethics, politics, metric 
• motion, theater, poetry 
• metaphysics, psychology, dreams 
• also tutored Alexander the Great

Then our homework was page 139 questions 3-5. 

3. The steps Pericles took to strengthen democracy in Athens was increasing the number of public officials who were paid salaries. This was necessary because it meant now even poor people could serve in government. This led to Athens becoming one of the most democratic governments in history. 

4. The battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War were: 

• Athens 
• attack using the sea and their large fleet 
• avoid land battles 
• Sparta 
• use their large army and nice safe spot to hide from Athens 
• burn Athen's food supply 
• attack from land

5. I think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing because they had never been asked to question themselves or their morals. Athenians didn't know what to do with themselves when told to question their thoughts and their actions. They were also just really confused by the certain viewpoints he had. 

Sparta, The Bible, and Science?

In Western Civ we started off the class by talking about Greek gods and goddesses. We didn't need to write anything down about them though, which is neat because they are just kind of like fairy tales, we should probably spend our time learning about history, current events, and how to pay our taxes. Anyways, we somehow got into a discussion of the Bible and science, and how the stories of Noah and the Three Wise Men may not be as true as everyone believes, I mean there is scientific evidence of these things not being possible. But everyone almost started a huge whole argument so I kept quiet, but I think religion is up to the person and whatever you want to believe, and that science is hard cold facts that you can't really disprove. Also why worry about the camels and the star, I just feel bad for Mary because she had to supposedly give birth in a barn. Anyway, here are my notes from today:

The Fighting Spartans

• Greeks were certainly a warlike people, especially the Spartans 
• Spartans were known for their tough, ruthless infantry soldiers who fought on land
• Spartan boys trained from the time they were seven 
• *insert Mr. Schicks opinion about spartans and gym rats here* 

A Naval Power

• Athens had a great infantry too but wasn't as good as its navy 
•  most efficient weapon was the trireme 
• technological marvel 
• fastest ship in the world at the time 
• rowed by 170 or so men 
• battering ram 
• agile, fast 

The Phalanx 

• close rank group of warriors 
• armed with long spears and interlocking shields 
• would advance slowly to their enemy before breaking through their ranks 

Finishing Chapter 2

Today in Western Civ we started finishing up Chapter 2. These are the notes I took in class:

Rules, Codes, and Laws

• Draco (621 BCE) 
• all athenians rich or poor are equal under the law 
• but death is the punishment for many crimes 
• debt slavery is ok (work as slave to repay debts) 
• Solon's reforms (594 BCE) 
• outlaws debt slavery 
• all Athenian Citizens can speak at the assembly 
• any citizen can press charges against wrongdoers 
• more reforms (around 500 BCE) 
• allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate 
• created the Council of 500
• leading to democracy 
• only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered citizens 

Clash of the Tyrants 

• Hippias was a tyrant who ruled from 527 to 510 BC 
• his brother was murdered causing his rule to become harsh 
• eventually he was expelled from Athens (ostracized) 
• he began working with Persian King Darius 1 by helping them invade Marathon for revenge 
• with Hippias gone, Isagarus and Cleisthenes, both aristocrats, engaged in a power struggle 
• Isagarus had support from fellow aristocrats and Sparta 
• Cleisthenes has support of Athenians 
• Isagarus becomes tyrant and ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes supporters and ordinary citizens revolted against his tyranny \they trap Isagarus on  the acropolis for 2 days, on the 3rd day he fled and was banished
• 508 BCE

Cleisthenes and Democracy 

• definitely a member of the elite 
• very rich 
• crafty politician 
• saw the value of stepping into the patience, intelligence and the energies of the non-aristocratic people (middle class)  

Then we had to take notes on pages 131-133, and here they are:

The Persian Wars

• wars between Greece and the Persian Empire began on the coast of Anatolia 
• around 546 BC the Persians conquered the area 
• Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships and soldiers to their aid 
• Athenians and the Greeks fought again in Marathon, Persians lost over 6,000 men 
• Young runner Pheidippides brought news of Persian defeat so that the Athenians would not give up the city without a fight , delivered the message "Rejoice, we conquer." after rushing 26 miles from Marathon to Athens then he collapsed and died 
• ten years later Xerxes came into power 
• underestimated the other teams troops, causing the greeks to stop the Persian advance for 3 days, then fearing defeat the Spartans held the Persians back causing a great impression on all Greeks because of their sacrifice 
• Athenians were trying to defend their city, Xerxes set fire to Athens and sent his warships to block both ends of the narrow channel near them, but since it was too narrow, over 1/3 of his ships sank
• they were defeated again in 479 BC, and since that they were always on the defensive 
• a year later, several greek city states formed an alliance called the Delian League 
• they in time drove the Persians out of their territories surrounding Greece and ended the threat of future attacks

End of the Persian Wars 

• Greek city states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom 
• Athens gained the most from Persian defeat 
• in the 470s Athens came to be known as the leader of the Delian league 
• then Athens took control and moved their headquarters to Athens, used military force against whomever challenged their authority, city states became little more than provinces of the Athenian empire 
• prestige of victory over the Persians and victory of Athens led them into the city's brief golden age 

Warring City States

Today in Western Civ we started a new chapter. Lauren gave Mr. Schick the plastic bags for his TV production class too, no Satan ones however. Anyway, we also reviewed what we learned in the first chapter, and took notes on chapter 2, and this is what I wrote down:

Chapter 2- Warring City States

polis- fundamental political unit, made up of a city and the surrounding countryside, politics
monarchy- rule by single person (a King in Athens since there were no such things as queens there)
aristocracy- rule by small groups of noble, rich, landowning families
oligarchy- wealthy groups dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, seized power usually with military force
tyrant- powerful individual who seized control by appealing to the common people for support

Transformation of Government

• during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, aristocrats ran the show in most of Greece 
• rich had more influence in society and held more government power than middle class or the poor 

Aristocracy 

• aristocrats- members of ruling class, they attended symposiums which are meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine, poetry, etc. while discussing political duties, women were only there for entertainment, and if there were any slaves they were there for merely entertainment as well 
• aristocrats on the outside would be excluded from these meetings 
• (Spartans treated women better than the men in Athens did. Go Sparta.) 

Tyrants Seize Control 

• tyrant rules outside of the frame work of the polis 
• modern meaning of tyrant- abusive or apprehensive ruler
• aristocrats would sometimes form alliances with the tyrants