Architecture in Ancient Greece
- stretched from 900 BC to the 1st century BC and farther
- post and lintel system
- friezes
- pillars
- doric: heavy and very plain
- ionic: most thin with small columns and a scroll on the top
- corinthian: most ornate, slim columns (fancy)
- stoa
- covered walkway with pillars on the side designed for public use
- temples
- made in honor of the gods
- wood and brick
- Naos was a new version of the temples
- Athens spent a lot of money that came from many different places on architecture
- Parthenon
- doric with ionic features
- marble columns
- used as Masq and church
- set up to glorify Athens
- huge intricate statue of Athena inside
- Theater
- scene (backstage)
- seating (theatron)
- orchestra (stage)
- Houses
- stone, clay, marble, sundried brick
- roofs: overlaid clay tiles
- floor: mud
- often had courtyards
- Then vs now
- auditorium- like a theater
- white house and other buildings- like temples and Parthenon
- pillars from Athens are used in the design of pillars today
Then this is our homework, we had to take notes on page 142-145 and here it is okok:
Alexander's Empire
- Philip Builds Macedonian Power
- King Philip II ruled the kingdom of Macedonia starting in 359 BC
- Macedonia had a rough environment and a hardy population, and had no people like sculptors or writers, but they did have their shrewd and fearless kings
- at 23 Philip changed the people into an army, used the technique of a phalanx and cavalry
- this caused him to prepare his invasion of Greece
- Demosthenes the Athenian orator urged the people to prepare for the attack of Macedonia, but the army couldn't agree on a single policy
- then Athens and Thebes joined together to fight Philip, but it was too late because they were defeated by Macedonia in the battle of Chaeronea
- this ended Greek independence
- Philip planned to invade Persia next but never had the chance because he was stabbed by a former guardsman at his daughters wedding
- Philips son Alexander took his place and became known as Alexander the Great
- Alexander Defeats Persia
- was only 20 years old as king but well prepared and learned many things under Aristotle's teaching, also loved Homer and his works
- did very well in military training
- destroyed the city when the people of Thebes rebelled, and this caused other city states to give up any ideas of rebellion
- Invasion of Persia
- Alexander had a plan to invade and conquer Persia with Greece being secure
- in 334 BC led 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia, the two met at Granicus River
- Persian's army of 40,000 men was attacked by Alexander's cavalry
- this victory alarmed Persian king Darius III
- he vowed to crush the invaders with his army of around 75,000 men, and so Alexander ordered his finest troops to break through a weak point in Persian lines, then charged straight at Darius
- they fled, and Alexander won Anatolia
- Conquering the Persian Empire
- Darius tried to make peace with Alexander
- the rapid collapse of Persian resistance fired Alexander's ambition and rejected the offer, continuing on with his plan of conquering the entire Persian empire
- was crowned pharaoh of egypt in 332 BC and he founded the city of Alexandria
- Alexander left egypt, and engaged in battle with a weak Persian army, they met in Gaugamela and Alexander's massive phalanx attack caused Darius to retreat, and Alexander finally ended Presia's power
- soon Alexander's army captured more areas, and soon later the Persepolis was burned to the ground, and no one knows why
- Alexander's Other Conquests
- he now reigned as ruler of southwest Asia
- left ruined Persepolis to pursue Darius and conquer Persia's remote Asian provinces
- he found DArius dead to the south of the Caspian Sea
- his army fought across central asia for the next 3 years
- Alexander in India
- in 326 he and his army reached Indus Valley
- a powerful indian army blocked their path at the Hydaspes River
- Alexander won, but they were starting to grow weak, after fighting for 11 years and marching more than 11,000 miles, so they headed back
- by the spring of 323 BC, they reached Babylon
- he announced plans to organize and unify his empire
- was never able to carry these out as he became seriously ill with a fever and died at 32 years old
- Alexander's Legacy
- after his death, Macedonian generals fought for control of his empire
- three leaders finally won:
- Antigonus- became king of Macedonia and took control of Greek city-states
- Ptolemy- seized Egypt, became pharoah, and established a dynasty
- Seleucus- took most of old Persian Empire that became known as the Seleucid kingdom
- these rulers and descendants ruled with complete power
- Alexander adopted things like Persian dress and costumes and married a Persian woman
- Greek settlers then also adopted new ways
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